One day in December 2009, Sumit Gulwani met a businesswoman on a flight from a seminar to his home. After the woman knew Gulwani was both a Ph.D. in computer science and a Microsoft researcher, she asked one question, “is there a way to merge two columns in Excel, when one column has a first name, the other the last, so that a column has both first and last names?” Gulwani couldn’t offer an answer.